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Zvinenge zvese zvatinosangana nazvo munyika yanhasi zvinoenderana nemagetsi kusvika pamwero wakati.Kubvira patakatanga kuziva mashandisirwo emagetsi kugadzira basa remuchina, takagadzira midziyo mikuru nemadiki kuti tivandudze hupenyu hwedu.Kubva kumamwenje emagetsi kuenda kumafoni emafoni, mudziyo wese. isu tinogadziridza inongove nezvikamu zvishoma zvakapfava zvakasonanidzwa pamwechete mukumisikidzwa kwakasiyana.
Shanduko yedu yemagetsi yemazuva ano inotsamira pamhando ina dzezvikamu, pamwe - gare gare - transistors, kutiunzira zvinenge zvese zvatinoshandisa nhasi.Patinomhanya kuita miniaturize midziyo yemagetsi, kutarisa zvakawanda uye zvakawanda zvehupenyu hwedu uye chokwadi, kutumira data rakawanda ne simba shoma, uye tobatanidza midziyo yedu kune mumwe nemumwe, tinokurumidza kusangana neaya ekare miganhu.Technology.Asi, mukutanga 2000s, budiriro shanu dzakasangana, uye dzakatanga kusandura nyika yedu yechimanjemanje.Heino mafambiro azvakaita.
1.) Kugadzirwa kwegraphene.Pazvinhu zvese zvinowanikwa muzvisikwa kana kugadzirwa mulabhu, dhaimondi harichisiri iro rakaomesesa.Pane matanhatu akaomarara, akanyanya kuoma ari graphene.Muna 2004, graphene, atomu-gobvu pepa recarbon. yakavharirwa pamwe chete muhexagonal crystal pateni, yakaparadzaniswa netsaona mulabhu. Makore matanhatu chete mushure mekufamba uku, vazivi vayo Andrei Heim naKostya Novoselov vakapihwa Mubairo weNobel muFizikisi. muviri, kemikari, uye kushushikana kwekupisa, asi iko chaiko kwakaringana maatomu.
Graphene inewo zvinhu zvinoyevedza zvinoitisa, zvichireva kuti kana midziyo yemagetsi, kusanganisira transistors, yaigona kugadzirwa kubva kugraphene pachinzvimbo chesilicon, inogona kunge iri diki uye nekukurumidza kupfuura chero chinhu chatiinacho nhasi. Kana graphene ikasanganiswa mupurasitiki, inogona kushandurwa kuita chinhu chinodzivirira kupisa, chakasimba chinoitisawo magetsi.Pamusoro pezvo, graphene inenge 98% yakajeka kuchiedza, zvinoreva kuti inochinja kune transparent touchscreens, light-emitting panels and even solar cells.Sezvo Nobel Foundation yakaisa makore gumi nerimwe. yapfuura, "zvichida isu tave pedyo nekumwe kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kuchaita kuti makomputa ashande zvakanaka mune ramangwana."
2). ends.Kugadzirwa kwekeramics, iyo inoramba kuyerera kwezvino pasina kuparadzira simba rakawanda kana kupisa, yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kugadzira zvidziviriro zviri nani kune yekare yekare resistors yakashandiswa kare: axial lead resistors.
Zvinhu izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakanaka kuti zvishandiswe mumagetsi emazuva ano, kunyanya pasi-simba uye nharembozha.Kana iwe uchida resistor, unogona kushandisa imwe yeiyi SMDs (pamusoro pezvigadziriso zvekukwira) kuderedza saizi yaunoda kune vanopikisa, kana kuwedzera. simba raunogona kushandisa kwavari mukati mezvipingamupinyi zvakafanana.
3.) Supercapacitors.Capacitors ndeimwe yekare yemagetsi tekinoroji.Idzo dzinobva pane yakapusa setup umo maviri conductive maficha (maplates, cylinders, spherical shells, etc.) akaparadzaniswa kubva kune mumwe nediki chinhambwe, uye maviri. nzvimbo dzinokwanisa kuchengetedza zvikwereti zvakaenzana uye zvinopesana.Paunoedza kudarika ikozvino kuburikidza ne capacitor iyo inochaja uye paunodzima ikozvino kana kubatanidza mahwendefa maviri capacitor inobudisa.Capacitors ane zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandisa, kusanganisira kuchengetedza simba, a kukurumidza kuputika kwesimba rakaburitswa, uye piezoelectric zvemagetsi, uko shanduko mukumanikidzwa kwemudziyo unoburitsa masaini emagetsi.
Hongu, kugadzira mahwendefa akawanda akapatsanurwa netunhambwe tudiki padiki, diki zvakanyanya hakusi kunetsa chete asi kune zvishoma.Kufambira mberi kwezvino mumidziyo-kunyanya calcium copper titanate (CCTO)-inogona kuchengetedza mari yakawanda munzvimbo diki: supercapacitors. Iyi miniaturized midziyo inogona kuchajwa uye kuburitswa kakawanda isati yasakara; kuchaja uye kuburitsa nekukurumidza; uye chengetedza ka100 simba pane imwe unit volume yevakuru capacitors.Ivo inyanzvi yekushandura mitambo kana zvasvika kune miniaturizing electronics.
4.) Super inductors.Seyekupedzisira ye "Big Three," the superinductor ndiye mutambi wekupedzisira kubuda kusvika 2018.An inductor inongova coil ine ikozvino inoshandiswa ne magnetizable core.Inductors vanopikisa kuchinja mukati mavo magineti. munda, zvinoreva kuti kana ukaedza kurega ikozvino kuyerera kuburikidza nayo, inoramba kwechinguva, uye inobvumira ikozvino kuyerera zvakasununguka kuburikidza nayo, uye pakupedzisira inoramba kuchinja zvakare paunodzima ikozvino. zvinhu zvitatu zvinokosha zvemaseketi ose.Asi zvakare, pane muganhu wekuti vangawana zviduku sei.
Dambudziko nderekuti kukosha kweiyo inductance kunoenderana nenzvimbo yeinductor, inova muurayi wezviroto maererano neminiaturization. zvikamu zvinotakura zvino zvinodzivirira kuchinja mukufamba kwadzo. Sezvinongoita masvosve ari mumutsetse anofanira “kutaura” kune rimwe nerimwe kuti achinje kumhanya kwawo, aya mativi anotakura mazuva ano, semaerekitironi, anofanira kushandisa simba pane rimwe nerimwe kuti akurumidze kukurumidza. kana kunonoka.Uku kuramba kuchinja kunogadzira pfungwa yekufamba.Pasi pehutungamiriri hweKaustav Banerjee's Nanoelectronics Research Laboratory, kinetic energy inductor inoshandisa teknolojia yegraphene ikozvino yakagadzirwa: yepamusoro-soro inductance density material yakamborekodhwa.
5.) Isa graphene mune chero mudziyo.Iye zvino ngatitorei stock.Tine graphene.Tine "super" shanduro dze resistors, capacitors uye inductors - miniaturized, robust, kuvimbika uye inoshanda.Chipingamupinyi chekupedzisira mu ultra-miniaturization revolution mumagetsi. , zvirinani mudzidziso, kugona kushandura chero mudziyo (wakagadzirwa nechero chinhu) kuita mudziyo wemagetsi.Kuti izvi zviitike, zvese zvatinoda kugona kunyudza graphene-based electronics mune chero rudzi rwezvinhu zvatinoda, kusanganisira zvinhu zvinochinjika.Chokwadi chokuti graphene ine mvura yakanaka, inoshanduka, simba, uye conductivity, iyo isingakuvadzi kuvanhu, inoita kuti ive yakanaka kune chinangwa ichi.
Mumakore mashoma apfuura, graphene uye graphene michina yakagadzirwa nenzira yakangowanikwa kuburikidza neashoma emaitiro ayo iwo pachawo akasimba. Unogona oxidize plain yekare graphite, kuinyungudutsa mumvura, uye kugadzira graphene nemakemikari vapor. deposition.Zvisinei, pane zvishoma zvishoma izvo graphene inogona kuiswa nenzira iyi.Iwe unogona kuderedza kemikari graphene oxide, asi kana ukadaro, iwe unozopedzisira uine hurombo husina kunaka graphene.Unogonawo kugadzira graphene ne mechanical exfoliation. , asi izvi hazvikubvumidze kudzora ukuru kana ukobvu hwegraphene yaunoburitsa.
Apa ndipo panouya kufambira mberi kwelaser-engraved graphene.Pane nzira mbiri huru dzekuita izvi.Imwe kutanga negraphene oxide.Same sepakutanga: unotora graphite woiisa oxidize, asi pachinzvimbo chekudzikisa kemikari, unoideredza. ine laser.Kusiyana nemakemikari akaderedzwa graphene oxide, imhando yepamusoro-soro inogona kushandiswa mu supercapacitors, electronic circuits, uye memory card, pakati pevamwe.
Iwe unogona zvakare kushandisa polyimide, purasitiki yepamusoro-tembiricha, uye pateni graphene zvakananga nelaser.Laser inotyora kemikari zvisungo mu polyimide network, uye maatomu ekabhoni anozvironga patsva kuti aumbe matete, emhando yepamusoro mapepa egraphene.Polyimide yakaratidza matani ezvishandiso zvinogoneka, nekuti kana ukagona kunyora maseketi egraphene pairi, unogona kushandura chero chimiro chepolyimide kuita zvemagetsi zvinopfekwa.Izvi, kutaura zvishoma, zvinosanganisira:
Asi pamwe zvinonyanya kufadza—zvichifunga nezvekubuda, kusimuka, uye kuwanda kwezvinhu zvitsva zvakawanikwa zvelaser-engraved graphene—zviri pamusoro pezvinogoneka pari zvino.Nelaser-engraved graphene, unogona kukohwa uye kuchengeta simba: mudziyo unodzora simba. .Mumwe wemienzaniso yakashata zvikuru yetekinoroji inotadza kufambira mberi ndeye mabhatiri.Nhasi, tinenge tichishandisa dry cell chemistries kuchengetedza magetsi emagetsi, teknolojia yemazana emakore.Prototypes yemidziyo mitsva yekuchengetedza, yakadai sezinc-air batteries uye solid-state. flexible electrochemical capacitors, yakagadzirwa.
Nelaser-engraved graphene, kwete chete isu tinogona kushandura nzira yatinochengeta nayo simba, asi isu tinogona zvakare kugadzira michina inopfeka inoshandura magetsi emagetsi kuita magetsi: triboelectric nanogenerators. inogonawo kugadzira masero ebiofuel anochinja; zvinokwanisika zvakakura.Pamiganhu yekuunganidza nekuchengetedza simba, mabhindauko ese ari munguva pfupi.
Uyezve, laser-yakavezwa graphene inofanirwa kuunza nguva yezvisati zvamboitika sensors.Izvi zvinosanganisira ma sensors emuviri, sekuchinja kwemuviri (sekupisa kana kunetsa) kukonzeresa shanduko yezvinhu zvemagetsi senge kuramba uye impedance (iyo inosanganisirawo mipiro ye capacitance uye inductance. ).Inosanganisirawo michina inoona kuchinja kwegasi uye mwando, uye – kana ikaiswa pamuviri wemunhu – kuchinja kwemuviri muzviratidzo zvakakosha zvemumwe munhu. Semuyenzaniso, pfungwa yeStar Trek-inspired tricorder inogona kukurumidza kupera basa. kungoisa chiratidzo chakakosha chekutarisa chigamba chinotizivisa ipapo kune chero shanduko inotyisa mumiviri yedu.
Mutsara wekufunga uyu unogonawo kuvhura nzvimbo itsva yese: biosensors yakavakirwa palaser-engraved graphene tekinoroji. Huro yekugadzira yakavakirwa palaser-yakavezwa graphene inogona kubatsira kutarisa kuzunguzika kwehuro, kuona musiyano wechiratidzo pakati pekukosora, kurira, kuridza mhere, kumedza uye kugutsurira. mamovements.Laser-yakanyorwa graphene inobatawo kugona kukuru kana iwe uchida kugadzira artificial bioreceptor inogona kunanga chaiwo mamorekuru, kugadzira akasiyana siyana anopfeka biosensors, kana kunyange kubatsira kugonesa akasiyana telemedicine application.
Yakanga isiri kusvika 2004 apo nzira yekugadzira mapepa egraphene, zvirinani nemaune, yakatanga kugadzirwa. Mumakore gumi nemanomwe kubva ipapo, nhevedzano yebudiriro inofambirana pakupedzisira yakaunza kumberi mukana wekuchinja nzira iyo vanhu vanodyidzana nayo nemagetsi. Zvichienzaniswa nemhando dzose dziripo dzekugadzira nekugadzira graphene-based devices, laser-engraved graphene inogonesa nyore, yakawanda-inogadzirwa, yepamusoro-soro, uye isingadhuri graphene mapatani mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandisa zvinosanganisira shanduko yemagetsi eganda.
Munguva pfupi iri kutevera, zvine musoro kutarisira kufambira mberi muchikamu chesimba, kusanganisira kutonga kwesimba, kukohwa simba, uye kuchengetedza magetsi. Zvakare munguva pfupi iri kutevera kune kufambira mberi kwemasensa, kusanganisira ma sensors emuviri, ma sensors egasi, uye kunyange biosensors. chimurenga chingangobva kune zvinopfekwa, kusanganisira midziyo yekuongorora telemedicine applications.Kuva nechokwadi, matambudziko mazhinji nezvipingamupinyi zvichiripo.Asi zvipingamupinyi izvi zvinoda kuwedzera kwete kuvandudzwa kweshanduko.Sezvo zvishandiso zvakabatana neInternet yezvinhu zviri kuramba zvichikura, kudiwa kwe ultra-small electronics yakakura kudarika kare.Nekufambira mberi kwezvino mukugadzirwa kwegraphene, ramangwana ratova pano nenzira dzakawanda.