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Zvichida mushure memutemo waOhm, mutemo wechipiri wakakurumbira mune zvemagetsi mutemo waMoore: Nhamba ye transistors inogona kugadzirwa pamusangano wakabatanidzwa inopeta kaviri makore maviri kana zvakadaro. Sezvo saizi yemuviri yechip ichiramba yakangofanana, izvi zvinoreva kuti ma transistors ega anozove madiki nekufamba kwenguva. Tatanga kutarisira kuti chizvarwa chitsva chemachipisi ane madiki emhando saizi kuti aonekwe nekumhanya kwakajairwa, asi chii chinangwa chekuita kuti zvinhu zvidiki? Zvidiki zvinogara zvichireva zviri nani here?
Muzana remakore rapfuura, engineering yemagetsi yakafambira mberi zvikuru. Muma1920s, maredhiyo epamusoro eAM aisanganisira akati wandei vacuum chubhu, akati wandei mainductors, capacitor uye resistors, gumi nemamita emawaya aishandiswa sema antennas, uye seti hombe yemabhatiri ekugonesa mudziyo wese. Nhasi, unogona Teerera kune anopfuura gumi nemaviri mimhanzi yekufambisa masevhisi pane mudziyo uri muhomwe yako, uye iwe unogona kuita zvakawanda. Asi miniaturization haisi yekungogoneka chete: zvinonyanya kukosha kuti uwane kuita kwatinotarisira kubva kumidziyo yedu nhasi.
Imwe bhenefiti iri pachena yezvikamu zvidiki ndezvekuti zvinokutendera iwe kuti ubatanidze kushanda kwakawanda muvhoriyamu imwechete. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kumaseketi edhijitari: zvimwe zvikamu zvinoreva kuti iwe unogona kuita zvakawanda kugadzirisa muhuwandu hwenguva. Semuenzaniso, mudzidziso, huwandu hweruzivo rwunogadziriswa ne64-bit processor kasere pane ye8-bit CPU inomhanya panguva imwecheteyo wachi. Asi zvinodawo zvakapetwa kasere sezvikamu zvakawanda: marejista, adhi, mabhazi, nezvimwe zvese zvakakura zvakapetwa kasere. Saka iwe unoda chip iyo yakakura zvakapetwa kasere, kana iwe unoda transistor iyo idiki zvakapetwa kasere.
Zvimwe chetezvo kune ndangariro machipisi: Nekugadzira madiki transistors, iwe une yakawanda yekuchengetera nzvimbo muvhoriyamu imwechete. Iwo mapikseli mune mazhinji maratidziro nhasi anogadzirwa neatete firimu transistors, saka zvine musoro kuadzikisa pasi uye kuwana zvigadziriso zvepamusoro. Nekudaro, iyo diki iyo transistor, zviri nani, uye pane chimwe chikonzero chakakosha: kuita kwavo kunovandudzwa zvakanyanya. Asi nei chaizvo?
Pese paunogadzira transistor, inopa zvimwe zvekuwedzera zvemahara. Imwe neimwe terminal ine resistor munhevedzano. Chero chinhu chinotakura ikozvino chinewo self-inductance. Pakupedzisira, pane capacitance pakati pemakondakita maviri akatarisana. Zvese izvi zvinokonzeresa zvinopedza simba uye zvinoderedza kumhanya kweiyo transistor. Parasitic capacitances inonyanya kunetsa: transistors inoda kubhadhariswa uye kuburitswa pese painobatidzwa kana kudzima, izvo zvinoda nguva uye ikozvino kubva kune magetsi.
Iko capacitance pakati pemakondakita maviri ibasa rekukura kwavo kwemuviri: saizi diki inoreva diki capacitance. Uye nekuti madiki capacitor anoreva kumhanya kwepamusoro uye simba rakaderera, ma transistors madiki anogona kumhanya nepamusoro wachi uye nekubvisa kupisa kushoma mukuita kudaro.
Sezvo iwe uchidzikisa saizi ye transistors, capacitance haisiriyo yega mhedzisiro inoshanduka: kune akawanda asinganzwisisike quantum mechanicha maitiro ayo asiri pachena kune makuru maturusi. Nekudaro, kazhinji kutaura, kuita ma transistors madiki kuchaita kuti akurumidze. Asi zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinopfuura transistors chete. Paunodzikisa zvimwe zvikamu, zvinoita sei?
Kazhinji kutaura, passive components senge resistors, capacitors, uye inductors hazvizove nani kana zvave zvidiki: munzira dzakawanda, ivo vanozowedzera. Naizvozvo, iyo miniaturization yezvikamu izvi zvinonyanya kukwanisa kuzvimanikidza kuita vhoriyamu diki, nekudaro kuchengetedza PCB nzvimbo.
Saizi yekupikisa inogona kuderedzwa pasina kukonzera kurasikirwa kwakanyanya. Kupokana kwechidimbu chechinhu kunopiwa ne, uko l ndihwo kureba, A inzvimbo yakachinjika, uye ρ ndiko kuramba kwechinhu. Iwe unogona kungo dzikisa kureba uye muchinjiko-chikamu, uye kupedzisira uine diki resikisi remuviri, asi uchiri nekuramba kumwechete. Izvo chete zvisingabatsiri ndezvekuti kana uchibvisa simba rimwechete, zvidhori zvidiki zvemuviri zvinoburitsa kupisa kwakawanda pane hombe resistors. Naizvozvo, madiki resistors anogona chete kushandiswa mune yakaderera-simba maseketi. Iyi tafura inoratidza kuti iyo yakanyanya simba reti yeSMD resistors inodzikira sei sezvo saizi yavo inodzikira.
Nhasi, diki rekudzivirira raunogona kutenga ndiro metric 03015 saizi (0.3 mm x 0.15 mm). Simba ravo rakatemerwa rinongori 20 mW uye rinongoshandiswa kune maseketi anobvisa simba shoma uye ane mashoma muhukuru. Iyo diki metric 0201 package (0.2 mm x 0.1 mm) yakaburitswa, asi haisati yaiswa mukugadzirwa. Asi kunyangwe ikaonekwa mukatalogi yemugadziri, usatarisire kuti ichave kwese kwese: marobhoti mazhinji anotora nekuisa haana kurongeka zvakakwana kuti aabate, saka anogona kunge achiri niche zvigadzirwa.
Macapacitor anogona zvakare kudzikiswa, asi izvi zvinoderedza kugona kwavo. Iyo formula yekuverenga iyo capacitance ye shunt capacitor ndeye, uko A ndiyo nzvimbo yebhodhi, d ndiyo chinhambwe chiri pakati pavo, uye ε ndiyo dielectric garage (iyo pfuma yepakati zvinhu). Kana iyo capacitor (chaizvo chigadziriso chakapfava) chiri miniaturized, nzvimbo yacho inofanira kuderedzwa, nokudaro ichideredza capacitance. Kana iwe uchiri kuda kurongedza yakawanda nafara mune vhoriyamu diki, sarudzo chete ndeye kurongedza akati wandei akaturikidzana. Nekuda kwekufambira mberi kwezvinhu uye kugadzira, izvo zvakagadzirawo mafirimu matete (madiki d) uye akakosha dielectrics (ane hombe ε) zvinogoneka, saizi yemacapacitor yakadzikira zvakanyanya mumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura.
Iyo diki capacitor iripo nhasi iri mune yekupedzisira-diki metric 0201 package: chete 0.25 mm x 0.125 mm. Kugona kwavo kunogumira kune ichiri kubatsira 100 nF, uye iyo yakanyanya kushanda voltage ndeye 6.3 V. Zvakare, mapakeji aya madiki uye anoda midziyo yepamusoro yekuabata, achiganhurira kutorwa kwavo kwakapararira.
Kune inductors, nyaya yacho ikati matimu. Iyo inductance yecoil yakatwasuka inopiwa naiyo, uko N ndiyo nhamba yekutendeuka, A ndiyo yepakati-chikamu nharaunda yecoil, l kureba kwayo, uye μ ndiyo inogara iripo (permeability). Kana zviyero zvose zvakaderedzwa nehafu, inductance ichaderedzwawo nehafu. Zvisinei, kushorwa kwetambo kunoramba kwakafanana: izvi ndezvokuti kureba uye kuyambuka-chikamu chetambo kunoderedzwa kusvika kune chechina chekukosha kwayo kwepakutanga. Izvi zvinoreva kuti iwe unoguma nekupikisa kwakafanana muhafu ye inductance, saka iwe unocheka nehafu yemhando (Q) chinhu checoil.
Iyo diki inotengeswa inotengeswa discrete inductor inotora inch saizi 01005 (0.4 mm x 0.2 mm). Aya akareba se56 nH uye ane kushorwa kwemaohm mashoma. Inductors mune ye-ultra-small metric 0201 package yakaburitswa muna 2014, asi sezviri pachena haisati yambounzwa kumusika.
Izvo zvisingakwanisi zvemuviri zvema inductors zvakagadziriswa nekushandisa chiitiko chinonzi dynamic inductance, chinogona kuonekwa mumakoiri akagadzirwa negraphene. Asi kunyange zvakadaro, kana ichigona kugadzirwa nenzira inotengeswa, inogona kuwedzera ne50%. Pakupedzisira, iyo coil haigone kuve miniaturized zvakanaka. Nekudaro, kana dunhu rako riri kushanda pamhepo huru, iyi haisati iri dambudziko. Kana chiratidzo chako chiri muGHz renji, mashoma nH makoiri anowanzo kukwana.
Izvi zvinotisvitsa kune chimwe chinhu chakaitwa zvishoma muzana remakore rapfuura asi unogona kusaona nekukasika: kureba kwatinoshandisa kutaurirana. Nhepfenyuro dzeredhiyo dzekutanga dzakashandisa iripakati-wave AM frequency ingangoita 1 MHz ine wavelength inosvika mazana matatu emamita. Iyo FM frequency bhendi yakanangana ne100 MHz kana 3 metres yakave yakakurumbira kuma1960s, uye nhasi isu tinonyanya kushandisa 4G kutaurirana kutenderedza 1 kana 2 GHz (anenge 20 cm). Mafambiro epamusoro anoreva huwandu hwekufambisa ruzivo. Imhaka yekuti miniaturization isu tine yakachipa, yakavimbika uye inochengetedza simba redhiyo inoshanda pane aya mafrequency.
Kudzikira wavelengths kunogona kudzoreredza antenna nekuti saizi yavo yakanangana neiyo frequency yavanoda kufambisa kana kugamuchira. Nharembozha dzanhasi hadzidi ma antenna akareba, nekuda kwekutaura kwavo kwakatsaurirwa paGHz frequencies, iyo antenna inongoda kunge yakareba sendimita imwe chete. Ndokusaka nharembozha dzichine zvinogamuchira FM dzichida kuti ubaire munzeve usati washandisa: redhiyo inoda kushandisa waya yemunzeve senge antenna kuitira kuti iwane simba rechiratidzo rakakwana kubva kune aya mafungu akareba mita imwe.
Kana ari maseketi akabatanidzwa kune madiki antennas, kana ari madiki, anove nyore kugadzira. Izvi hazvisi chete nekuti ma transistors ave nekukurumidza, asi zvakare nekuti kutapurirana mitsara mhedzisiro haisisiri nyaya. Muchidimbu, kana kureba kwetambo kunopfuura chikamu chimwe chegumi chewavelength, unofanirwa kufunga nezvekuchinja kwechikamu pamwe nehurefu hwayo paunenge uchigadzira dunhu. Pa2.4 GHz, izvi zvinoreva kuti centimita imwe chete yewaya yakakanganisa dunhu rako; kana iwe ukatengesa discrete zvikamu pamwe chete, iri musoro, asi kana iwe ukaisa dunhu pane mashoma masikwe millimeter, harisi dambudziko.
Kufanotaura kuparara kweMutemo waMoore, kana kuratidza kuti fungidziro idzi hadzina kunaka nguva nenguva, rave dingindira rinodzokororwa munhau dzesainzi uye tekinoroji. Chokwadi chinoramba chiri chekuti Intel, Samsung, uye TSMC, vatatu vanokwikwidza vachiri kumberi kwemutambo, vanoramba vachimanikidza mamwe maficha pa square micrometer, uye kuronga kuunza akati wandei zvizvarwa zveakagadziridzwa machipisi mune ramangwana. Kunyangwe kufambira mberi kwavakaita padanho rega rega kungasava kukuru semakumi maviri emakore apfuura, iyo miniaturization ye transistors inoenderera.
Nekudaro, kune discrete components, tinoita kunge tasvika pamuganho wechisikigo: kuita kuti zvive zvidiki hazvinatsi kuita kwavo, uye zvidiki zvidiki zviripo parizvino zvidiki pane zvakawanda zvekushandisa zvinoda. Zvinoita sekunge hapana Mutemo waMoore wemidziyo yakasarudzika, asi kana paine Mutemo waMoore, tinoda kuona kuti munhu mumwe chete anogona kusundidzira dambudziko rekutengesa reSMD.
Ndagara ndichida kutora mufananidzo wePTH resistor yandakashandisa muma1970s, uye kuisa SMD resistor pairi, sezvandiri kuchinja mukati / kunze ikozvino. Chinangwa changu ndechekuita hama dzangu nehanzvadzi (hapana chimwe chazvo zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi) kuchinja kwakadini, kusanganisira ini ndinogona kuona kunyange zvikamu zvebasa rangu, (sezvo maziso angu ari kuwedzera, maoko angu ari kuwedzera Kudedera).
Ndinoda kutaura kuti tiri pamwe chete here kana kuti kwete. Ini ndinovenga "kuvandudza, ita zvirinani." Dzimwe nguva dhizaini yako inoshanda nemazvo, asi hauchakwanise kuwana zvikamu. Chii icho hero? . Pfungwa yakanaka ipfungwa yakanaka, uye zviri nani kuichengeta sezvairi, pane kuivandudza pasina chikonzero. Gantt
"Chokwadi chinoramba chiripo chekuti makambani matatu eIntel, Samsung neTSMC achiri kukwikwidza kumberi kwemutambo uyu, achigara achidzvanya mamwe maficha pa square micrometer,"
Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvakakura uye zvinodhura. Muna 1971, mhuri yepakati yaingova neredhiyo shoma, stereo neTV. Pakazosvika 1976, makombiyuta, macalculator, wachi dzema digital uye wachi dzakanga dzabuda, dzaive duku uye dzisingadhuri kune vatengi.
Imwe miniaturization inobva pakugadzira. Operational amplifiers inobvumira kushandiswa kwe gyrators, iyo inogona kutsiva huru inductors mune dzimwe nguva. Active mafirita zvakare anobvisa inductors.
Zvikamu zvakakura zvinosimudzira zvimwe zvinhu: kuderedzwa kwedunhu, ndiko kuti, kuedza kushandisa zvishoma zvikamu kuita kuti dunhu rishande. Nhasi, hatina basa nazvo. Unoda chimwe chinhu chekudzosera kumashure chiratidzo? Tora amplifier inoshanda. Unoda muchina wehurumende here? Tora mpu. etc. The zvinoriumba nhasi zviduku chaizvo, asi pane chaizvoizvo zvakawanda zvinoumba mukati. Saka zvakanyanya saizi yako yedunhu inowedzera uye kushandiswa kwesimba kunowedzera. Transistor inoshandiswa kutenderedza chiratidzo inoshandisa simba shoma kuita basa rimwechete pane yekushanda amplifier. Asi zvakare zvakare, miniaturization ichatarisira kushandiswa kwesimba. Kungoti hutsva hwaenda neimwe nzira.
Iwe wakanyatso kupotsa mamwe mabhenefiti makuru / zvikonzero zvekudzikiswa saizi: yakaderedzwa pasuru parasitics uye yakawedzera simba kubata (izvo zvinoita sekunge zvinopesana).
Kubva pamaonero anoshanda, kana saizi yechimiro yasvika panosvika 0.25u, iwe unosvika padanho reGHz, panguva iyo hombe yeSOP pasuru inotanga kuburitsa yakakura* mhedzisiro. Waya refu dzekubatanidza uye izvo zvinotungamira zvinozopedzisira zvakuuraya iwe.
Panguva ino, QFN/BGA mapakeji akavandudza zvakanyanya maererano nekuita. Uye zvakare, kana iwe ukaisa iyo package flat seizvi, unopedzisira waita *zvakakosha* zvirinani kupisa kwemafuta uye mapadhi akafumurwa.
Uye zvakare, Intel, Samsung, uye TSMC zvirokwazvo ichaita basa rakakosha, asi ASML inogona kuve yakakosha mune iyi runyorwa. Ehe, izvi zvinogona kusashanda kune izwi rinongoita ...
Haisi yekungodzikisa mari yesilicon kuburikidza nechizvarwa chinotevera maitiro node. Zvimwe zvinhu, semabhegi. Madiki mapakeji anoda zvishoma zvinhu uye wcsp kana kunyange zvishoma. Madiki mapakeji, maPCB madiki kana ma module, nezvimwe.
Ini kazhinji ndinoona zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekatalogi, uko chete chekutyaira chinhu kudzikisa mutengo. MHz/saizi yendangariro yakafanana, SOC basa uye kurongeka kwepini zvakafanana. Isu tinogona kushandisa matekinoroji matsva kuderedza mashandisiro emagetsi (kazhinji izvi hazvisi zvemahara, saka panofanira kunge paine mamwe mabhenefiti anodiwa nevatengi)
Imwe yezvakanakira zvikamu zvakakura ndeye anti-radiation zvinhu. Tiny transistors anonyanya kutarisana nemigumisiro yemirazi ye cosmic, mumamiriro ezvinhu aya anokosha. Semuenzaniso, munzvimbo uye kunyange nzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro dzekutarisa.
Handina kuona chikonzero chikuru chekuwedzera kukurumidza. Kumhanya kwechiratidzo kunosvika masendimita masere pa nanosecond. Saka nekungodzikisa saizi, kukurumidza machipisi anogoneka.
Iwe unogona kuda kutarisa yako wega masvomhu nekuverenga mutsauko mukunonoka kuparadzira nekuda kwekuchinja kwepakeji uye kuderedzwa kutenderera (1/frequency). Ndiko kuderedza kunonoka/nguva yemapoka. Iwe uchaona kuti haitomboratidzi sechinhu chinotenderedza.
Chinhu chimwe chandinoda kuwedzera ndechekuti akawanda maIC, kunyanya ekare madhizaini uye analog machipisi, haana kunyatso kuderedzwa, zvirinani mukati. Nekuda kwekuvandudzwa mukugadzira otomatiki, mapakeji ave madiki, asi imhaka yekuti DIP mapakeji kazhinji ane yakawanda yakasara nzvimbo mukati, kwete nekuti transistors nezvimwe zvave zvidiki.
Pamusoro pedambudziko rekuita kuti robhoti rive rakakwana kuti rikwanise kubata zvidiki-diki-kumhanya-kumhanya-ne-nzvimbo maapplication, imwe nyaya ndeyekutendeseka kupinza zvinhu zvidiki. Kunyanya kana iwe uchiri kuda zvakakura zvikamu nekuda kwesimba / kugona zvinodiwa. Uchishandisa yakakosha solder paste, yakakosha nhanho solder namira templates (shandisa shoma shoma solder namira pazvinenge zvichidiwa, asi zvichiri kupa zvakakwana solder paste nokuda kwezvikamu zvakakura) yakatanga kuva inodhura zvikuru. Saka ini ndinofunga kune bani, uyezve miniaturization padanho redunhu bhodhi ingori nzira inodhura uye inogoneka. Panguva ino, iwe unogona zvakare kuita kusanganisa kwakawanda paiyo silicon wafer level uye kurerutsa iyo nhamba ye discrete zvikamu kusvika kune yakakwana.
Iwe uchaona izvi pafoni yako. Muna 1995, ndakatenga nharembozha dzekutanga mukutengesa garaji nemadhora mashoma imwe neimwe. Mazhinji maICs ari kuburikidza-buri. Kuzivikanwa CPU uye NE570 compander, hombe reusable IC.
Ndakabva ndawana mamwe nharembozha dzakagadziridzwa. Pane zvikamu zvishomanana uye hapana chaanoziva. Munhamba diki yeICs, kwete chete kuwanda kwakakwira, asiwo dhizaini nyowani (ona SDR) inogamuchirwa, iyo inobvisa akawanda ezvakajeka zvikamu izvo zvaimbove zvakakosha.
> (Isa chidimbu chidiki chesolder paste pazvinenge zvichidikanwa, asi uchipa zvakakwana solder paste yezvikamu zvakakura)
Hei, ndakafungidzira iyo "3D/Wave" template kugadzirisa dambudziko iri: kutetepa uko kune zvidiki zvikamu, uye kukora uko kune simba redunhu.
Mazuva ano, zvikamu zveSMT zvidiki kwazvo, unogona kushandisa chaiwo discrete zvikamu (kwete 74xx uye mamwe marara) kugadzira yako CPU nekuidhinda paPCB. Mwaya ne LED, unogona kuiona ichishanda munguva chaiyo.
Nokufamba kwemakore, ndinonyatsokoshesa kukurumidza kukura kwezvinhu zvakaoma uye zviduku. Ivo vanopa kufambira mberi kukuru, asi panguva imwechete ivo vanowedzera imwe nhanho yekuomarara kune iterative maitiro e prototyping.
Iko kugadzirisa uye kuenzanisa kumhanya kwemaseketi eanalogi inokurumidza kupfuura zvaunoita murabhoritari. Sezvo kuwanda kwemaseketi edhijitari kuchikwira, iyo PCB inova chikamu chegungano. Semuenzaniso, kutapurirana mitsara mhedzisiro, kunonoka kuparadzira. Prototyping yechero yekucheka-kumucheto tekinoroji inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakuzadzisa dhizaini nemazvo, pane kuita zvigadziriso murabhoritari.
Kana iri zvinhu zvekuvaraidza, kuongorora. Circuit boards uye modules ndiyo mhinduro yekudzikisa zvikamu uye pre-testing modules.
Izvi zvinogona kuita kuti zvinhu zvishaye “kunakidzwa”, asi ndinofunga kuti kuita kuti purojekiti yako ishande kekutanga kunogona kuve kwakakosha nekuda kwebasa kana zvekuzvivaraidza.
Ndanga ndichishandura mamwe magadzirirwo kubva kuburikidza-gomba kuenda kuSMD. Gadzira zvigadzirwa zvakachipa, asi hazvinakidze kuvaka prototypes nemaoko. Chikanganiso chimwe chidiki: "nzvimbo yakafanana" inofanira kuverengwa se "parallel plate".
Kwete. Pashure pokunge gadziriro yakunda, vanochera matongo vachakavhiringidzika nezvavanowana. Ndiani anoziva, pamwe muzana ramakore rechi23, iyo Planetary Alliance ichatora hurongwa hutsva…
Ndakatadza kubvuma zvimwe. Chii chinonzi 0603? Ehe, kuchengeta 0603 sehukuru hwehumambo uye "kufona" iyo 0603 metric saizi 0604 (kana 0602) hazvina kuoma kudaro, kunyangwe zvingave zvisirizvo zvehunyanzvi (kureva: saizi yekufananidza-kwete nenzira) zvakadaro. Zvakaomarara), asi zvirinani munhu wese achaziva kuti ndeipi tekinoroji yauri kutaura nezvayo (metric / imperial)!
"Kazhinji, zvinhu zvisingaite senge resistors, capacitors, uye inductors hazvizoite nani kana iwe ukavaita madiki."