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Zvichida mushure memutemo waOhm, mutemo wechipiri unonyanya kuzivikanwa mumagetsi ndiwo mutemo waMoore: Nhamba ye transistors inogona kugadzirwa pamusangano wakabatanidzwa inopetwa kaviri makore maviri kana zvakadaro. ma transistors ega ega achave madiki nekufamba kwenguva.Tatanga kutarisira chizvarwa chitsva chemachipisi ane madiki madiki saizi kuti aonekwe nekukurumidza, asi chii chinoita kuti zvinhu zvive zvidiki? Zvidiki zvinogara zvichireva nani?
Muzana ramakore rapfuura, mainjiniya emagetsi akafambira mberi zvikuru. Mumakore ekuma1920s, maredhiyo eAM epamusoro aisanganisira machubhu evacuum akati wandei, akati wandei mainductors, macapacitor uye resistors, gumi nemamita emawaya aishandiswa seantenna, uye seti hombe yemabhatiri. kusimbisa mudziyo wose.Nhasi, unogona Teerera kune anopfuura gumi nemaviri mimhanzi yekufambisa masevhisi pamudziyo uri muhomwe yako, uye iwe unogona kuita zvakawanda.Asi miniaturization haisi yekungotakura chete: zvakakosha chaizvo kuti tibudirire kuita kwatinotarisira kubva kumidziyo yedu nhasi.
Chimwe chinobatsira chiri pachena chezvikamu zviduku ndechokuti zvinokubvumira kuti uise mamwe maitiro muhuwandu hwakafanana.Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kumatunhu edhijitari: zvimwe zvikamu zvinoreva kuti iwe unogona kuita mamwe maitiro muhuwandu hwenguva.Somuenzaniso, muchirevo, the huwandu hwemashoko akagadziridzwa ne64-bit processor kasere pane ye8-bit CPU inomhanya panguva imwechete yewachi frequency.Asi inodawo kasere sezvikamu zvakawanda: marejista, adhi, mabhazi, nezvimwe zvese zvakakura kasere. .Saka iwe unoda chip yakakura zvakapetwa kasere kana transistor ine diki zvakapetwa kasere.
Zvakafanana ndezvechokwadi kune machipisi ekurangarira: Nekugadzira madiki transistors, une nzvimbo yakawanda yekuchengetera muvhoriyamu imwechete.Mapikisesi mune akawanda maratidziro nhasi anogadzirwa neatete firimu transistors, saka zvine musoro kuayera pasi uye kuwana zvigadziriso zvepamusoro.Zvisinei. , iyo diki transistor, zviri nani, uye pane chimwe chikonzero chakakosha: maitiro avo anovandudzwa zvakanyanya. Asi nei chaizvo?
Pose paunogadzira transistor, inokupa zvimwe zvekuwedzera mahara.Terminal yega yega ine resistor mu series.Chero chinhu chinotakura current chinewo self-inductance.Pakupedzisira, pane capacitance pakati pema conductor maviri akatarisana.All these effects inopedza simba uye inononoka kukurumidza kwe transistor.Parasitic capacitances inonyanya kunetsa: inoda kubhadharwa uye kusunungurwa nguva imwe neimwe iyo transistors yakavharwa kana kuvharwa, izvo zvinoda nguva uye ikozvino kubva kune magetsi.
Iyo capacitance pakati pemaconductors maviri ibasa rekukura kwavo kwemuviri: diki diki inoreva diki capacitance.Uye nekuti madiki capacitor anoreva kukurumidza kukurumidza uye yakaderera simba, madiki transistors anogona kumhanya pakakwirira wachi frequency uye anobvisa kushoma kupisa mukuita kudaro.
Sezvo iwe uchideredza saizi ye transistors, capacitance haisi iyo chete mhedzisiro inoshanduka: kune zvakawanda zvinoshamisa quantum mechanical effects izvo zvisiri pachena kune mahombe midziyo.Zvisinei, kazhinji kutaura, kuita transistors madiki kuchaita kuti zvive nekukurumidza.Asi zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinowedzera. kupfuura chete transistors.Kana iwe kuyera pasi zvimwe zvinoriumba, vanoita sei?
Kazhinji kutaura, zvigadziriso zvakadai sezvidziviriro, capacitor, uye inductors hazvizove nani kana zvikava zviduku: nenzira dzakawanda, zvichawedzera kuipa.Naizvozvo, miniaturization yezvikamu izvi inonyanya kukwanisa kuzvimanikidza kuva vhoriyamu duku. , nokudaro kuchengetedza PCB nzvimbo.
Kukura kwechidziviriro kunogona kuderedzwa pasina kukonzera kurasikirwa kwakanyanya.Kupikisa kwechidimbu chechinhu kunopiwa ne, apo l ndiyo kureba, A ndiyo nzvimbo yemuchinjikwa, uye ρ ndiyo inopikisa yezvinhu. kungoderedza kureba uye muchinjikwa-chikamu, uye kuguma nemuviri muduku wekudzivirira, asi uchiri nekurwisana kwakafanana.Iyo chete inopesana ndeyokuti kana uchibvisa simba rimwechete, zvigadzirisheni zviduku zvemuviri zvichaunza kupisa kwakawanda kudarika zvipingamupinyi zvakakura.Naizvozvo, zviduku zvishoma. maresitorendi anogona kungoshandiswa mumagetsi mashoma-simba.Iyi tafura inoratidza kuti huwandu hwesimba hweSMD resistors hunoderera sei sezvo saizi yavo inoderera.
Nhasi, chidziviriro chidiki chaungatenga ndicho saizi 03015 (0.3 mm x 0.15 mm).Simba ravo rakayerwa rinongoita 20 mW chete uye rinoshandiswa chete kumaseketi anobvisa simba shoma uye ane mashoma muhukuru.A diki metric 0201 Package (0.2 mm x 0.1 mm) yakaburitswa, asi haisati yaiswa mukugadzirwa. Asi kunyangwe ikaonekwa mukhathalogi yemugadziri, usatarisire kuti ichange iri kwese kwese: marobhoti mazhinji nekuisa haana kukwana zvakakwana. kuzvibata, saka vanogona kunge vachiri niche zvigadzirwa.
Macapacitor anogonawo kuderedzwa, asi izvi zvinoderedza kugona kwavo. Iyo nzira yekuverenga capacitance ye shunt capacitor iri, apo A ndiyo nzvimbo yebhodhi, d ndiyo chinhambwe pakati pavo, uye ε ndiyo dielectric inogara. (iyo pfuma yezvinhu zvepakati) .Kana iyo capacitor (chaizvo chigadziriso chakapfava) chiri miniaturized, nzvimbo yacho inofanira kuderedzwa, nokudaro ichideredza capacitance.Kana iwe uchiri kuda kutakura yakawanda ye nafara mudiki, iyo chete sarudzo. ndiko kurongedza matinji akati wandei pamwechete.Nekuda kwekufambira mberi kwezvinhu uye kugadzira, izvo zvakagadzirawo mafirimu matete (madiki d) uye akakosha dielectrics (ane hombe ε) zvinogoneka, saizi yema capacitor yaderera zvakanyanya mumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura.
Iyo diki capacitor iripo nhasi iri mu-ultra-small metric 0201 package: chete 0.25 mm x 0.125 mm.Kugona kwavo kunogumira kune ichiri kubatsira 100 nF, uye iyo yakanyanya kushanda voltage ndeye 6.3 V. Zvakare, mapakeji aya madiki uye zvinoda michina yemhando yepamusoro kuzvibata, zvichidzikamisa kutorwa kwavo kwakapararira.
Kune ma inductors, iyo nyaya ine hutsinye.Kupinza kwecoil yakatwasuka kunopiwa ne, uko N inhamba yekutendeuka, A inzvimbo yemuchinjikwa-chikamu checoil, l kureba kwayo, uye μ ndiyo zvinhu zvinogara (permeability) .Kana zviyero zvose zvakaderedzwa nehafu, inductance ichaderedzwawo nehafu.Zvisinei, kushorwa kwetambo kunoramba kwakafanana: izvi ndezvokuti kureba uye kuyambuka-chikamu chetambo kunoderedzwa kusvika chikamu chechina chekukosha kwayo kwepakutanga.Izvi zvinoreva kuti iwe unoguma nekupikisa kwakafanana muhafu ye inductance, saka iwe unopedza hafu yehutano (Q) chinhu chekoiri.
Iyo diki inotengeswa inotengeswa discrete inductor inotora inch saizi 01005 (0.4 mm x 0.2 mm) .Idzi dzakakwira se56 nH uye dzine kushorwa kweashoma ohms.Inductors mune ye-ultra-small metric 0201 package yakabudiswa muna 2014, asi sezviri pachena havasati vambopinzwa pamusika.
Izvo zvisingakwanisi zvemuviri zvema inductors zvakagadziriswa nekushandisa chiitiko chinonzi dynamic inductance, chinogona kuonekwa mumakoiri akaitwa negraphene.Asi kunyange zvakadaro, kana inogona kugadzirwa nenzira yekutengeserana, inogona kuwedzera ne50%. iyo coil haigoni kuve miniaturized zvakanaka.Zvisinei, kana dunhu rako riri kushanda pamhepo huru, izvi hazvirevi hazvo dambudziko.Kana chiratidzo chako chiri muGHz renji, mashoma nH makoiri anowanzo kukwana.
Izvi zvinotisvitsa kune chimwe chinhu chakaitwa zvishoma muzana remakore rapfuura asi unogona kusaona nekukasika: kureba kwatinoshandisa pakukurukurirana.Nhepfenyuro dzekare dzeredhiyo dzaishandisa mafungu epakati-masaisai AM angaita 1 MHz ane wavelength ingangoita 300 metres. Iyo FM frequency band yakanangana ne100 MHz kana 3 metres yakave yakakurumbira kuma1960s, uye nhasi isu tinonyanya kushandisa 4G kutaurirana kwakatenderedza 1 kana 2 GHz (inenge 20 cm) .Imhaka yekuti miniaturization isu tine yakachipa, yakavimbika uye inochengetedza simba redhiyo inoshanda pane aya mafrequency.
Kuderera kwewavelengths kunogona kudzika ma antennas nekuti saizi yawo yakanangana ne frequency yavanoda kutumira kana kugamuchira.Nharembozha dzanhasi hadzidi maentenna akareba, nekuda kwekutaura kwavo kwakazvipira paGHz frequencies, iyo antenna inoda kungove imwe chete. Sendimita kureba.Ndosaka nharembozha dzinenge dzichine FM dzinogashira dzichida kuti ubaire nharembozha usati washandisa: redhiyo inoda kushandisa waya yemunzeve seantenna kuti iwane simba rechiratidzo rakakwana kubva kumasaisai akareba mita imwe.
Kana ari masekete akabatana neantenna yedu madiki, kana ari madiki, anotoita nyore kugadzira.Izvi hazvisi chete nekuti transistors yave kukurumidza, asiwo nekuti mitsara yekufambisa mhedzisiro haisisiri nyaya.Muchidimbu, kana kureba. yewaya inodarika chikamu chegumi chewavelength, unofanirwa kufunga nezvekuchinja kwechikamu pamwe nekureba kwayo paunenge uchigadzira dunhu.Pa 2.4 GHz, izvi zvinoreva kuti centimita imwe chete yewaya yakakanganisa dunhu rako;kana iwe ukatengesa discrete zvikamu pamwe chete, iri musoro, asi kana iwe ukaisa dunhu pane mashoma masikwe millimeter, harisi dambudziko.
Kufanotaura kuparara kweMutemo waMoore, kana kuratidza kuti fungidziro idzi hadzina kunaka nguva nenguva, yave dingindira rinodzokororwa musainzi uye tekinoroji journalism.Chokwadi chinoramba chiripo kuti Intel, Samsung, uye TSMC, vatatu vakwikwidzi vachiri pamberi. yemutambo, ramba uchimanikidza mamwe maficha pa square micrometer, uye kuronga kusuma zvizvarwa zvakati kuti zvekuvandudzwa machipisi mune ramangwana.Kunyangwe kufambira mberi kwavakaita padanho rega rega kungasava kukuru semakumi maviri emakore apfuura, iyo miniaturization ye transistors. inoenderera mberi.
Zvisinei, nokuda kwezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, tinoita setasvika pamagumo echisikigo: kuita kuti zvive zviduku hakugadzirisi kushanda kwavo, uye zviduku zvishoma zviripo iye zvino zvidiki pane zvakawanda zvekushandisa zvinoda. asi kana paine Mutemo waMoore, tinoda kuona kuti munhu mumwe chete anogona kusundidzira dambudziko reSMD soldering.
Ndagara ndichida kutora mufananidzo wePTH resistor yandakashandisa muma1970, uye kuisa SMD resistor pairi, sezvandiri kuchinja mukati / kunze ikozvino. Chinangwa changu ndechekuita hama nehanzvadzi dzangu (hapana mumwe wavo zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi) kuchinja kwakadini, kusanganisira ini ndinogona kutoona zvikamu zvebasa rangu, (sezvo maziso angu ari kuwedzera, maoko angu ari kuwedzera Kudedera).
Ndinoda kuti, zviri pamwe chete here kana kuti kwete. Ndinovenga chaizvo "kuvandudza, kuita zviri nani."Dzimwe nguva marongerwo ako anoshanda zvakanaka, asi hauchakwanisi kuwana zvikamu.Chii icho hero?.Pfungwa yakanaka ipfungwa yakanaka, uye zviri nani kuichengeta sezvairi, pane kuivandudza pasina chikonzero.Gantt
"Chokwadi chinoramba chiripo chekuti makambani matatu eIntel, Samsung neTSMC achiri kukwikwidza kumberi kwemutambo uyu, achigara achidzvanya mamwe maficha pa square micrometer,"
Zvinhu zvemagetsi zvakakura uye zvinodhura.Muna 1971, mhuri yepakati yaingova neredhiyo shoma, stereo neTV.Pakazosvika 1976, makombiyuta, macalculator, wachi dzedijitari newachi zvaive zvabuda, izvo zvaive zvidiki uye zvisingadhure vatengi.
Imwe miniaturization inobva pakugadzira.Kushanda amplifiers inobvumira kushandiswa kwegyrators, iyo inogona kutsiva inductors yakakura mune dzimwe nguva.Active filters inobvisawo inductors.
Zvikamu zvakakura zvinokurudzira zvimwe zvinhu: kuderedzwa kwedunhu, ndiko kuti, kuedza kushandisa zvikamu zvishomanana kuita kuti dunhu rishande.Nhasi, hatina hanya zvakanyanya.Unoda chimwe chinhu kuti udzore chiratidzo?Tora mashandiro anoita amplifier. Unoda muchina wehurumende here?Tora mpu.etc.Zvikamu nhasi zvidiki chaizvo, asi pane zvinhu zvakawanda zviri mukati.Saka kunyanya saizi yako yedunhu inowedzera uye kushandiswa kwesimba kunowedzera.A transistor inoshandiswa invert chiratidzo inoshandisa simba shoma zadzisa basa rimwechete pane mashandiro anoita amplifier.Asi zvakare, miniaturization ichatarisira kushandiswa kwesimba.Kungoti hutsva hwakaenda neimwe nzira.
Iwe wakanyatso kupotsa mamwe mabhenefiti makuru / zvikonzero zvekudzikiswa saizi: yakaderedzwa pasuru parasitics uye yakawedzera simba kubata (izvo zvinoita sekunge zvinopesana).
Kubva pakuona kunoshanda, kana saizi yemhando yasvika pa 0.25u, iwe uchasvika padanho reGHz, panguva iyo iyo yakakura SOP package inotanga kuburitsa yakakura * effect.Kureba bonding waya uye izvo zvinotungamira zvinozokuuraya iwe.
Panguva ino, QFN/BGA mapakeji akavandudza zvakanyanya maererano nekuita.Uye zvakare, kana iwe ukaisa iyo package flat seizvi, unopedzisira waita *zvakakosha* zvirinani kupisa kwemafuta uye mapadhi akafumurwa.
Pamusoro pezvo, Intel, Samsung, uye TSMC zvirokwazvo ichaita basa rakakosha, asi ASML inogona kunyanya kukosha mune iyi runyorwa.Ehe, izvi zvinogona kusashanda kune izwi risinganzwisisike…
Haisi kungoita kuderedza mari yesilicon kuburikidza ne-next-generation process nodes.Zvimwe zvinhu, zvakadai semabhegi.Zviduku zviduku zvinoda zvinhu zvishoma uye wcsp kana kunyange zvishoma.Maduku maduku, maPCB maduku kana ma modules, nezvimwewo.
Ndinowanzoona zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekabhuku, apo chete kutyaira chinhu kuderedzwa kwemutengo.MHz/memory size yakafanana, SOC basa uye kurongeka kwepini zvakafanana.Tinogona kushandisa matekinoroji matsva kuderedza simba rekushandisa (kazhinji izvi hazvisi zvemahara, saka panofanira kunge paine mamwe emakwikwi mabhenefiti ayo vatengi vane hanya nawo)
Imwe yezvakanakira zvikamu zvakakura ndeye anti-radiation material.Tiny transistors anonyanya kutarisana nemigumisiro yemagetsi e cosmic, mumamiriro ezvinhu aya anokosha.Somuenzaniso, munzvimbo uye kunyange nzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro dzekucherechedza.
Handina kuona chikonzero chikuru chekukurumidza kuwedzera.Kumhanya kwechiratidzo kunosvika masendimita masere pa nanosecond.Saka nekungoderedza saizi, kukurumidza machipisi zvinogoneka.
Ungada kuongorora masvomhu ako pachako nekuverenga mutsauko mukunonoka kwekuparadzira nekuda kwekuchinja kwepackaging uye kuderedzwa kutenderera (1/frequency) ndiko kuderedza kunonoka/nguva yemapoka.Uchaona kuti haitomboratidzi se chinhu chinotenderedza.
Chinhu chimwe chandinoda kuwedzera ndechekuti maIC akawanda, kunyanya madhizaini ekare uye analog machipisi, haana kunyatso kuderedzwa, kunyanya mukati.Nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwekugadzira otomatiki, mapakeji ave madiki, asi imhaka yekuti DIP mapakeji kazhinji ane zvakawanda. nzvimbo yakasara mukati, kwete nokuti transistors nezvimwewo zvave zviduku.
Pamusoro pedambudziko rekuita kuti robhoti rive rakarurama zvakakwana kuti rikwanise kubata tudiki-diki mu-high-speed pick-and-place applications, imwe nyaya ndeyekutendeseka welding tudiki components.Kunyanya kana uchiri kuda zvidimbu zvakakura nekuda kwesimba / kugona zvinodiwa.Kushandisa. special solder paste, special step solder paste templates (shandisa shoma shoma solder paste pazvinenge zvichidiwa, but still provide enough solder paste for big components) akatanga kuva anodhura chaizvo.Saka ndinofunga kuti pane bani, uye mamwe miniaturization padunhu. bhodhi level ingori nzira inodhura uye inogoneka.Panguva ino, iwe unogonawo kuita mamwe kubatanidza pasilicon wafer level uye kurerutsa huwandu hwezvakasiyana zvikamu kusvika paudiki hwakakwana.
Iwe uchaona izvi pafoni yako.Kuma 1995, ndakatenga nharembozha dzekutanga mukutengesa kwegaraji nemadhora mashoma yega yega.Mazhinji maIC ari kuburikidza-hole.Recognizable CPU uye NE570 compander, hombe reusable IC.
Ipapo ndakaguma ndine mamwe mafoni akagadziridzwa anobatwa nemaoko.Pane mashoma mashoma ezvikamu uye hapana chaanoziva.Munhamba shoma yeICs, kwete chete density yakakwirira, asiwo dhizaini nyowani (ona SDR) inogamuchirwa, iyo inobvisa mazhinji. zvikamu zvakasiyana izvo zvaimbove zvakakosha.
> (Isa chidimbu chidiki chesolder paste pazvinenge zvichidikanwa, asi uchipa zvakakwana solder paste yezvikamu zvakakura)
Hei, ndakafungidzira iyo "3D/Wave" template kugadzirisa dambudziko iri: kutetepa uko kune zvidiki zvikamu, uye kukora uko kune simba redunhu.
Mazuva ano, zvikamu zveSMT zvidiki zvikuru, unogona kushandisa chaiwo discrete components (kwete 74xx nemamwe marara) kugadzira CPU yako uye kuidhinda paPCB.Isasa ne LED, unogona kuiona ichishanda munguva chaiyo.
Kwemakore, ndinonyatsokoshesa kukurumidza kukura kwezvinhu zvakaoma uye zviduku. Vanopa kufambira mberi kukuru, asi panguva imwe chete vanowedzera hutsva hwekuoma kune iterative process ye prototyping.
Kugadzirisa uye kuenzanisa kumhanya kwemaseketi eanalogi kunokurumidza kupfuura zvaunoita murabhoritari.Sezvo kuwanda kwemaseketi edhijitari kuchikwira, PCB inova chikamu chegungano.Semuyenzaniso, mhedzisiro yemitsara yekufambisa, kunonoka kuparadzira.Prototyping yechero kucheka- edge tekinoroji inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakuzadzisa dhizaini nenzira kwayo, pane kuita zvigadziriso murabhoritari.
Kana iri zvinhu zvekuzvivaraidza, evaluation.Mabhodhi edunhu uye ma modules ndiwo mhinduro yekuderera kwezvikamu uye pre-testing modules.
Izvi zvinogona kuita kuti zvinhu zvishaye “kunakidzwa”, asi ndinofunga kuti kuita kuti purojekiti yako ishande kekutanga kunogona kuve kwakakosha nekuda kwebasa kana zvekuzvivaraidza.
Ndanga ndichishandura mamwe magadzirirwo kubva kuburikidza-mugomba kuenda kuSMD.Gadzira zvigadzirwa zvakachipa, asi hazvinakidze kuvaka prototypes nemaoko.Chikanganiso chidiki chimwe: "nzvimbo yakaenzana" inofanira kuverengwa se "parallel plate".
Kwete. Mushure mekunge hurongwa hwakunda, vanochera matongo vacharamba vachivhiringidzika nezvavakawana.Ndiani anoziva, zvichida muzana remakore rechi23, Planetary Alliance ichatora nzira itsva ...
Handina kubvuma zvimwe.Kukura kwakaita 0603 kwakadii?Zvirokwazvo, kuchengeta 0603 sehukuru hweumambo uye "kufona" 0603 metric size 0604 (kana 0602) hazvina kuoma kudaro, kunyangwe zvingave zvisirizvo (kureva: saizi chaiyo yekufananidza-kwete nenzira iyoyo) zvakadaro.Zvakaomarara), asi zvirinani munhu wese achaziva kuti ndeipi tekinoroji yauri kutaura nezvayo (metric / imperial)!
"Kazhinji, zvinhu zvisingaite senge resistors, capacitors, uye inductors hazvizoite nani kana iwe ukavaita madiki."